How do you write 2026 in Roman numerals?

MMXXVI: MM = 2000, XX = 20 and VI = 6. The two years before are MMXXIV for 2024 and MMXXV for 2025.

How do I convert a Roman numeral to a number?

Add the values from left to right, but subtract a symbol that stands before a larger one. MCMXCIX is M (1000) + CM (900) + XC (90) + IX (9) = 1,999. The converter lists these groups as its breakdown.

Why is 4 written IV and not IIII?

The standard form allows at most three equal letters in a row, so 4 is IV (5 − 1). The converter refuses IIII and names IV, refuses VIIII with IX and XIIII with XIV. Clock faces are the common place you still see IIII.

What does the converter accept in its fields?

Roman numerals in upper or lower case, so mcmxcix gives 1,999. A space is named in the message (Invalid character(s): space.) and so is any letter outside I, V, X, L, C, D and M. The integer field takes a whole number from 1 to 3,999,999: 1e3 is read as 1000 and gives M, while 1.5, 2x and 0x10 are refused.

Roman Numeral Converter

Convert Roman numerals to numbers and numbers to Roman numerals, from 1 to 3,999,999, with a step breakdown. Spellings such as IIII are refused. How it works

Roman Numeral

Converted value

Type a Roman numeral above to convert it to an integer

About the Roman Numeral Converter

MCMXCIX = 1,999 and 2026 = MMXXVI. The converter reads a Roman numeral as a whole number and writes a whole number from 1 to 3,999,999 as a Roman numeral, with a breakdown of each step. Only the standard spelling is accepted: IIII is refused and the tool names IV, and from 4,000 up the thousands go in one group in parentheses that means times 1,000, so (IV) = 4,000 and (VIII) = 8,000. The parentheses are this tool’s typed stand-in for the bar drawn over a numeral, not a standard spelling.

Numbers and their Roman numerals

Number	Roman numeral
1	I
4	IV
9	IX
14	XIV
40	XL
49	XLIX
90	XC
99	XCIX
400	CD
444	CDXLIV
900	CM
1,994	MCMXCIV
1,999	MCMXCIX
2,024	MMXXIV
2,025	MMXXV
2,026	MMXXVI
3,999	MMMCMXCIX
4,000	(IV)
5,000	(V)
8,000	(VIII)
9,999	(IX)CMXCIX
14,000	(XIV)
900,000	(CM)

As the converter writes them. From 4,000 up the thousands go in one pair of parentheses, which means times 1,000, followed by the hundreds, tens and units: (VIII) is 8,000 and (XIV)CCCXXI is 14,321.

Spellings the converter refuses

Typed	What the converter says
IIII	Use IV
VIIII	Use IX
XIIII	Use XIV
LXXXX	Use XC
CCCC	Use CD
MMMM	Use (IV)
VX	Not a valid subtractive pair.
IC	Not a valid subtractive pair.
VV	V, L and D are never repeated.

For a repeated run the advice is the standard spelling of the whole numeral, not of the run alone.

How to use this tool

Pick Roman to Integer or Integer to Roman. Switching mode clears the field.
Type a numeral such as MCMXCIX, in upper or lower case, or a whole number from 1 to 3,999,999.
Read the result and open the breakdown for the value of each group. Copy puts the result on the clipboard.

Frequently asked questions

How do you write 2026 in Roman numerals?: MMXXVI: MM = 2000, XX = 20 and VI = 6. The two years before are MMXXIV for 2024 and MMXXV for 2025.
How do I convert a Roman numeral to a number?: Add the values from left to right, but subtract a symbol that stands before a larger one. MCMXCIX is M (1000) + CM (900) + XC (90) + IX (9) = 1,999. The converter lists these groups as its breakdown.
Why is 4 written IV and not IIII?: The standard form allows at most three equal letters in a row, so 4 is IV (5 − 1). The converter refuses IIII and names IV, refuses VIIII with IX and XIIII with XIV. Clock faces are the common place you still see IIII.
What is the largest Roman numeral?: In the standard letters it is 3,999, MMMCMXCIX, which takes nine letters. This converter goes to 3,999,999 by writing the thousands as one group in parentheses to mean times 1,000: 4,000 is (IV), 5,000 is (V), 8,000 is (VIII) and 9,999 is (IX)CMXCIX. In print the same idea is an overline, called a vinculum, over the group.
What does the converter accept in its fields?: Roman numerals in upper or lower case, so mcmxcix gives 1,999. A space is named in the message (Invalid character(s): space.) and so is any letter outside I, V, X, L, C, D and M. The integer field takes a whole number from 1 to 3,999,999: 1e3 is read as 1000 and gives M, while 1.5, 2x and 0x10 are refused.

Where Roman numerals still appear

Roman numerals number monarchs (Elizabeth II, Louis XIV), film and game sequels, book chapters and outline levels, clock dials, building cornerstones and the years on some monuments. This converter goes both ways: type a numeral such as MCMXCIX to get 1,999, or switch mode and type a whole number from 1 to 3,999,999 to get the numeral. A breakdown lists each step, for example M = 1000, CM = 900, XC = 90 and IX = 9. Switching mode clears the field.

How the numerals are read and written

The seven symbols are I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500) and M (1000). Symbols are written from largest to smallest and added, except that a smaller symbol placed before a larger one is subtracted. The six subtractive pairs are IV (4), IX (9), XL (40), XC (90), CD (400) and CM (900). The same letter may repeat up to three times in a row, and V, L and D never repeat.

The standard form ends at 3,999, which is MMMCMXCIX. From 4,000 the tool writes the thousands as one group in parentheses to mean times 1,000, so (IV) = 4,000, (VIII) = 8,000 and (IX)CMXCIX = 9,999; in print this is usually an overline. A split such as (V)MMM is refused and the tool names (VIII). The largest value is 3,999,999.

Typed numerals are checked against the standard spelling: the value is converted back and must match the text. IIII is refused and the tool names IV, and VIIII is refused with IX. Lowercase is accepted, so mcmxcix gives 1,999. A space or a letter outside the seven is named in the message.

Fun Fact: Many Roman numeral clock faces write 4 as IIII, a habit that goes back to early clocks such as the Wells Cathedral clock of the late 14th century. The clock in Elizabeth Tower at Westminster uses IV.

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